山羊皮肤新microRNA的挖掘

已有证据表明,microRNA在动物皮毛发育和形态发生过程中发挥重要的作用.在山羊皮肤microRNA的研究中,数据库不完善仍是限制其功能研究的主要原因.本研究以山羊基因组为参考,对高通量测序中未注释的占总reads 5.40%的数据,使用Mireap软件预测的方法进行数据挖掘,并对新的microRNA的长度、表达量、基因组定位、靶基因预测及KEGG pathway进行分析.研究预测到28个新的microRNA,其长度分布与已知山羊、牛等动物的分布一致.对表达量统计表明,表达量在100以上的有4个,最高的是Novel-15,达到555;表达量在10~100的有19个;低于10的有5个.基因组定位研究表明,新microRNA在山羊染色体上分布均匀,在5、6、7、19和X染色体上分别有两个microRNA被定位.预测和分析得到6 519个靶基因.KEGG分析结果表明,有3 552个靶基因定位到51条通路中,占前3位的通路是Metabolic pathways、Pathways in cancer、MAPK signaling pathway.本研究发掘了更多山羊的microRNA,为今后山羊皮肤发育调控的研究奠定了基础.     

类胡萝卜素在家禽生产中的应用

类胡萝卜素广泛分布于自然界,它不仅是维生素A的前体,还是一种色素,天然与人工合成的类胡萝卜素在家禽生产上具有重大的意义。叶黄素等类胡萝卜素在家禽体内的沉积可以极大提高屠体外观和蛋黄的罗氏比色扇级数(RYCF),改善蛋黄色泽。但类胡萝卜素在动物体内的吸收受到各种因素的影响,关于类胡萝卜素的吸收机制尚存在着分歧。本文对类胡萝卜素的添加剂量及在家禽生产上的研究进展作一概要综述。     

Differential responses of cells from human skin keratinocyte and bovine mammary epithelium to attack by pore-forming Staphylococcus aureus alpha-toxin

Human skin keratinocytes HaCat attacked by Staphylococcus aureus α-toxin showed a transient drop of cellular ATP levels whereas in toxin-perforated bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMEC), the ATP levels dropped more slowly. Morphologically, during the ATP level depletion, HaCat cell developed a spacious intracellular vacuole together with the transient influx of trypan blue. WST-1 signal, which tested the function of mitochondrial enzyme in viable cells, also decreased concomitantly. On the other hand, BMEC excluded trypan blue and vacuolation was not observed throughout the experiment. We conclude that mammary epithelial cells resist the toxin better than keratinocytes. This is the first report showing that α-toxin enhances transient membrane permeability to large molecules, temporary vacuole formation and the transient defect of mitochondrial enzyme in viable cells without cell lysis.     

皮肤扩张术在兽医上的应用前景

皮肤的大面积损伤在兽医临床上较为多见,但现有的治疗手段很难满足动物美观的要求,皮肤扩张技术以其扩张获得的“额外”的皮肤与正常皮肤直接缝合以作修复疤痕组织或皮肤缺损,这样既解决了修复所需要的皮源问题,又可以避免大面积植皮形成的新的瘢痕组织,扩张皮肤克服了植皮色素沉着,与周围皮肤颜色不协调,遗留供区新创面的缺点,成为国内外医学界修复瘢痕广泛应用的新技术,应用前景十分广阔。     

内蒙古绒山羊皮肤干细胞定位的初步研究

为了确定干细胞在内蒙古绒山羊初级毛囊、次级毛囊及表皮中的位置,通过对绒山羊颈部静脉注射BrdU,每周取皮肤样本,用4%多聚甲醛固定,常规石蜡包埋,切片,免疫组织化学检测.结果发现,免疫组织化学检测在前10周内BrdU结果呈阳性,说明皮肤中存在干细胞,BrdU可用于大动物短时期的体内标记;BrdU用于大动物标记时在绒山羊体内的存留时间大约为10周;初步判断初级毛囊和次级毛囊及表皮中均存在干细胞,而且干细胞的niche可能就位于毛乳头处;用Ⅳ型胶原粘附培养初级和次级毛囊的毛乳头,其呈圆形或多边形,核大,核仁明显,细胞器少,细胞呈克隆生长,慢周期性,具有无限的增殖能力.经流式细胞术检测,初步证明为毛乳头处存在毛囊干细胞.     

Body site matters: an evaluation and application of a novel histological methodology on the quantification of mucous cells in the skin of Atlantic salmon,Salmo salar L.

Mucous cell size and distribution were investigated in the skin of five salmon using a novel stereology‐based methodology: one (48 cm) fish to test 15 tissue treatment combinations on measures of cell area and density on the dorsolateral region and, using the most suitable treatment, we mapped mucous cell differences between body regions on four (52 cm) salmon, comprising a male and a female on each of two diets. The section site, decalcification, embedding medium and plane of sectioning all impacted significantly on mucous cell size, whereas mucous cell density is more robust. There were highly significant differences in both mucosal density and mean mucous cell size depending on body site: the dorsolateral skin of the four salmon had significantly denser (about 8% of skin area) and larger (mean about 160 μm²) mucous cells, whereas the lowest mean density (about 4%) and smallest mean area (115 μm²) were found on the head. We found that 100 random measurements may be sufficient to distinguish differences >7 μm² in mean mucous cell areas. The results further suggest that salmon exhibit a dynamic repeatable pattern of mucous cell development influenced by sex, diet and possibly strain and season.     

交联方法对草鱼皮胶原蛋白海绵生物学性能的影响

为探讨不同交联方法对草鱼皮胶原蛋白海绵材料性能的影响,实验以草鱼鱼皮为原料,提取、纯化胶原蛋白并制备胶原海绵材料.在此基础上,分别用紫外交联、热交联、戊二醛交联以及EDC/NHS交联方法处理胶原海绵,通过测定材料的交联度、热变性温度、拉伸强度和体外抗酶降解性能,比较了不同方法的交联效果.结果发现,提取所得的草鱼皮胶原蛋白为典型的Ⅰ型胶原;经不同方法交联处理后,海绵材料交联度依次为戊二醛(72.0％) ＞EDC/NHS(32.5％)＞热交联(29.9％)＞紫外交联(15.6％);与对照胶原材料相比,戊二醛处理后,胶原材料的热变性峰值温度(67.4℃)、最大拉伸强度(125.6 kPa)和体外抗酶降解性能均有显著提升(P＜0.05);EDC/NHS处理后,胶原材料的热变性焓显著提升(6.86 J/g),同时材料的拉伸强度(98.6 kPa)和体外抗酶降解性能也得到适度增加(P＜0.05).紫外交联和热交联对草鱼皮胶原材料性能的改善作用比较有限,并可能导致胶原分子的部分变性.红外光谱的分析结果表明,戊二醛处理可导致草鱼皮胶原三螺旋分子内产生新的共价键交联从而使材料性能改善,而EDC/NHS处理主要导致胶原分子间产生新的氢键交联并可提高胶原材料的稳定性.研究表明,戊二醛和EDC/NHS交联能有效提高胶原海绵材料的性能,而热交联和紫外交联对材料性能的改善作用非常有限.